How Do Pencil Erasers Work

Roman scribes wrote on papyrus with a thin rod made of lead, called a stylus. Lead is a soft metal, so the stylus left a light, legible mark. In 1564 a large graphite deposit was discovered in England. Graphite leaves a darker mark than lead, plus its non-toxic. Pencils began to be used, similar to the stylus, except with a wrapping to keep the users hands clean. When you erase a pencil mark, its graphite (carbon) you are removing, not lead. An eraser, called a rubber in some places, is an item used to remove the marks left by pencils and some types of pens. Modern erasers come in all colors and may be made of rubber, vinyl, plastic, gum, or similar materials. A Little Eraser History Before the eraser was invented, you could use a rolled up piece of white bread (crusts cut off) to remove pencil marks (some artists still use bread to lighten charcoal or pastel marks). Edward Naime, an English engineer, is credited with the invention of the eraser (1770). The story goes that he picked up a piece of rubber rather than the usual wad of bread and discovered its properties. Naime began selling rubber erasers, the first practical application of the substance, which gets its name from its ability to rub out pencil marks. Rubber, like bread, was perishable and would go bad over time. Charles Goodyears invention of the process of vulcanization (1839) led to widespread use of rubber. Erasers became commonplace. In 1858, Hymen Lipman received a patent for attaching erasers to the ends of pencils, though the patent was later invalidated since it combined two products rather than invented a new one. How Do Erasers Work? Erasers pick up graphite particles, thus removing them from the surface of the paper. Basically, the molecules in erasers are stickier than the paper, so when the eraser is rubbed onto the pencil mark, the graphite sticks to the eraser preferentially over the paper. Some erasers damage the top layer of the paper and remove it as well. Erasers attached to pencils absorb the graphite particles and leave a residue which needs to be brushed away. This type of eraser can remove the surface of the paper. Soft vinyl erasers are softer than the erasers attached to pencils but are otherwise similar. Art gum erasers are made of soft, coarse rubber and are used to remove large areas of pencil marks without damaging paper. These erasers leave a lot of residue behind. Kneaded erasers resemble putty. These pliable erasers absorb graphite and charcoal without wearing away. Kneaded erasers may stick to the paper if they are too warm. They eventually pick up enough graphite or charcoal that they leave marks rather than pick them up and need to be replaced.

The Laws For How Women And Men Should Act Essay - 1681 Words

Rules to Hide From The laws for how women and men should act in regards to each other and towards the other sex in their community are, in many cultures, clearly defined. From the earliest recorded laws, historians can see that societies had separate roles for men and women. Nina McConigley, author of Cowboys and East Indians, explores the role of gender throughout her short stories. Often allowing clear boundaries to be crossed, and doing this in a way that the reader understands that cultural rules are being violated. One of her most extreme examples of cultural expectation and deviation in this book is in the short story â€Å"Pomp and Circumstances.† As early as the first known written laws women are differentiated from men. Hammurabi’s Code stipulates that women are to be protected from unfair practices, but also places the man as the head of the household. Augustus Caesar, in his attempt to return Rome to the virtuous society he believed it once was, and to influence population incr ease encouraged â€Å"the firm control of husbands over wives†, according to Mark Kishlansky, Patrick Geary, and Patricia O’Brien, authors of Civilization in the West (14 and 118). These laws have been carried down through the centuries and define, in many cultures, how men and women are to act. The East Indian American culture of which McConigley writes ascribes to its own set of rules pertaining to gender. â€Å"Pomp and Circumstances† both surprises and eludes its readers regarding gender. The surpriseShow MoreRelatedGender Issues in the Workplace1537 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Gender Issues in the Workplace Introduction Believe it or not women have had rights in the work force for over two hundred years. Women should be treated as equals with men in the work place, but that is not always the case. 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My Life and Statute of Frauds Free Essays

My Life and Statute of Frauds In 1677, the English Parliament passed the Statute of Frauds. It is a state statute under which certain types of contracts must be in writing to be enforceable. The primary purpose of the Statute of Frauds is to ensure that there is reliable evidence of the contracts and terms, and it is to prevent the possibility of a nonexistent agreement between two parties being â€Å"proved† by perjury or Fraud. We will write a custom essay sample on My Life and Statute of Frauds or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are 5 categories to which the contracts must to fall within the Statute of Frauds, which are: 1. Contracts involving interests in land – The statute applies to any contract for an interest in real estate. . Contracts that cannot by their term be performed within one year – The statute applies only to contracts that are objectively impossible to perform within one year from the contract’s formation. 3. Collateral promises – The statute applies only to express contracts made between the guarantor and the creditor whose terms make the guarantor secondarily liable. 4. Promises made in consideration of marriage- The Statute applies to a unilateral promise to make a monetary payment or to give property in consideration of marriage. 5. Contracts for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more. As we have seen, having a written contract helps many people to reduce the risk from misleading whenever they enter into the contracts. For example, there was a scenario case that had happened to me, and it helps me to figure out the important role of the Statute of Frauds to my life. I still remember in October last year, when I was surfing the craigslist, I found an ads said that a room for shared with a cheap price, but the owner, Jason, stated that whoever rent his place had to pay money ahead of time. I then called him and rented place. About five months after the day of contract formation, he asked to move out because he wanted to sell his house. As a result, I left the place without getting back my money. That was piss me off because I couldn’t enforce the contract, and there aren’t any recipes to prove that I had paid to him. Now, I understand that a written contract is really important. Therefore, whenever I make a deal with other people, if it’s possible, I would make a written contract. It is a brilliant choice because it protects me from fraud in oral contracts How to cite My Life and Statute of Frauds, Essays

The Question over Medical Marijuana Essay Example For Students

The Question over Medical Marijuana Essay The Question over MedicalIn Nov. 1996 the people of the State of California approved proposition 215, the initiative that could make marijuana legally available as a medicine in the U.S. for the first time in 60 years. Under this initiative the government will not prosecute patients or their caregivers who possess cultivate marijuana for medical treatment. The medical recommendation may be either written or oral and doctors cannot be penalized by the state of Arizona at the same time. However at this time it is still illegal to posses, administer, sell or use marijuana in any of the other 48 states across the U.S. Why havent the rest of the country followed the lead of these two states? What this paper attempts to do is provide a proving argument that it is immoral to deny seriously ill patients the right to use marijuana for medical purposes, and that the current misperceptions about marijuana have been grossly overstated. Basically Im going to prove the marijuana has been given a bum rap. Currently there is question as to whither there is a valid use for marijuana for medicinal use. This question has been the spark for much controversy. There is no evidence to prove marijuanas use in chemotherapy. There are numerous alternative drugs that obviate the need to even pursue research on the subject. Our course scientific research would give use a different opinion than the one above that current President Bill Clinton has stated above. Marijuanas therapeutic uses are well documented in the modern scientific literature. Using either smoked marijuana or oral preparations of delta-9-THC (marijuanas main active ingredient), researchers have conducted controlled studies. These studies demonstrate marijuanas usefulness in reducing nausea and vomiting, stimulating appetite, promoting weight gain, and diminishing intraocular pressure from glaucoma. There is also evidence that smoked marijuana and/or THC reduce muscle spasticity form spinal chord injuries and multiple sclerosis, and diminish tremors in multiple sclerosis patients. Other therapeutic uses for marijuana have not been widely studied. However, patients and physicians have reported that smoked marijuana have not been widely studied. However patients and physicians have reported that smoked marijuana provides relief from migraine headaches, depression, seizures, insomnia, convulsion, and chronic pain. In the U. S., using marijuana for medical purposes is illegal because federal law includes marijuana in schedule I, a category for drugs deemed unsafe, highly suspect to abuse and possessing no medicinal value. In 1996, voters in California and Arizona went to the polls and in sweeping victories, told Washington that federal drug policies at least as they applied to sick people were wrong. Voting on proposition 215, Californians approved the medical use of Marijuana by a 65 to 35 margin. In Arizona a solid majority (65%) voted to give the doctors the right to prescribe a range of drugs, including marijuana, heroin, and LSD. However, federal law prevents states from making marijuana supplies legally available. In effect thousands of Americans use marijuana as a medicine illegally, putting themselves at risk of arrest and prosecution. Unfortunately other who might benefit from marijuana are deterred by its illegality. Since 1986, synthetic THC (Marinol) has been available as a Schedule II drug, which allows physicians to prescribe it under highly regulated conditions. It is only recently in July of 1999 that Marinol was moved from Schedule II to a Schedule III drug. The change makes it much easier for doctors to distribute the drug and keeps the DEA from looking over their shoulder each time they write a prescription. Marinol is labeled as officially as an anti-nauseate and an appetite stimulant, but doctors can and do prescribe it for other conditions such as depression and muscle spasticity. .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .postImageUrl , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:hover , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:visited , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:active { border:0!important; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:active , .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01 .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fe491e4913a228adb8ec7a637f66b01:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Congressmen And Their Influences Essay Even though THC delivered orally by Marinol is available, many patients find that smoked marijuana is more effective. For people suffering from nausea and vomiting, who are unable to swallow and hold down a pill, smoking marijuana has the additional advantage of delivering THC. For nauseated patients, smoking marijuana has the additional advantage of delivering THC quickly, providing relief in a few minutes, compared to an hour or more when THC is swallowed. Smoking marijuana not only delivers THC to .